How is tissue obtained for pathology examination?

The pathologist examines cells or tissues obtained during a biopsy (a procedure that removes a cell or tissue specimen for examination by a pathologist) or surgery, as well as cells or tissues obtained from bodily fluids.

In most cases, a biopsy or surgery is required to remove cells or tissues for examination under a microscope. The following are some common methods for performing a biopsy:

To remove tissue or fluid, a needle is used.

An endoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is used to examine and remove cells or tissues from inside the body.

Surgery is used to remove a portion or the entire tumour. When the entire tumour is removed, some normal tissue around the tumour is usually removed as well.

Tissue removed during a biopsy is sent to a pathology laboratory and sliced into thin sections for examination under a microscope. This is known as a histologic (tissue) examination and is usually the most accurate way of determining the presence of cancer. Pathologists may also look at cytology (cell) material. Urine, cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord), sputum (lung mucus), peritoneal (abdominal cavity) fluid, pleural (chest cavity) fluid, cervical or vaginal smears, and fluid removed during a biopsy all contain cytological material. 


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