An Overview Of Immunopathology And Immunology: Submit Your Abstract At The #12EPUCG2022:-

 Introduction:-

Innate immunity and adaptive immunity are the immune system's two main lines of defence against infections in addition to structural and chemical barriers. The initial immune defence against an invasive infection is innate immunity. It is a quick immunological reaction with no immunologic memory that is started minutes or hours after aggressiveness. Contrarily, adaptive immunity is antigen-dependent and antigen-specific; it has the ability to form memories, allowing the host to generate a more effective immune response when exposed to the antigen again. The adaptive immune system and its innate counterpart work very closely together, and flaws in either system can lead to illness or disease such unwarranted inflammation, autoimmune illnesses, immunodeficiency disorders, and hypersensitivity reactions. The host defence systems of innate and adaptive immunity are discussed in this article along with their roles in both health and disease.

Background:-

Our knowledge of the immune system and how it works to keep the body free from illness is constantly expanding. Given the complexity of the topic, a thorough analysis of every facet of immunology is outside the purview of this article. Instead, this article's goal is to give medical students, residents, primary-care doctors, and other healthcare workers a fundamental overview of the immune system's essential parts, functions, and involvement in both health and disease. Additionally, this article will provide background information for the immunopathological illnesses covered in the next sections of this supplement.

At the 12th Emirates Pathology & Digital Pathology Conference, from December 21-24, 2022, in Dubai, UAE. We warmly invite to Speakers from various fields of Pathology and its allied areas. Let’s submit your abstract now to reserve your slot. We have a few slots left.  

Submit your abstract: https://pathology.universeconferences.com/submit-abstract/

 


Innate and adaptive immunity within the immune system:-

The term "immune system" refers to a group of cells, substances, and mechanisms that work to defend the skin, nasal passages, intestinal tract, and other organs against foreign antigens including viruses, cancerous cells, poisons, and microbes (organisms like bacteria, fungus, and parasites). The immune system can be conceptualised simply as having two "lines of defence": innate immunity and adaptive immunity. These "lines of defence" go beyond the structural and chemical barriers that shield us from infection. The initial line of protection against an invading infection is innate immunity. It is a defence mechanism that the host employs shortly after coming into contact with an antigen or within hours of doing so. It is antigen-independent (non-specific). Since the innate immune system lacks immunologic memory, it is unable to identify or "memorise" the same pathogen should the body come into contact with it again in the future. The duration between exposure to the antigen and the maximum response occurs more slowly in adaptive immunity because it is antigen-dependent and antigen-specific. The potential for memory, which permits the host to produce a more prompt and effective immune response upon recurrent exposure to the antigen, is the distinguishing feature of adaptive immunity. Rather of being antagonistic to one another, innate and adaptive immunity work together to protect the host, with flaws in either system making the host vulnerable or causing inappropriate reactions.

Biological immunity:-

Innate immunity can be thought of as consisting of four different types of protective barriers: endocytic and phagocytic, inflammatory, physiologic (temperature, low pH, and chemical mediators), and anatomic (skin and mucous membrane). The general host-defense mechanisms for each of these obstacles are listed in Table 1. Numerous studies have been conducted on the cells and mechanisms necessary for successful innate defence against viruses that bypass anatomical barriers. Innate immunity to infections is dependent on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which enable a specific subset of immune cells to quickly identify and react to a variety of pathogens that have similar molecular structures (PAMPs). Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a component of bacterial cell walls, and double-stranded RNA (RNA) produced during viral infection are two examples of these.

Rapid immune cell recruitment to areas of infection and inflammation via the production of cytokines and chemokines is a crucial aspect of innate immunity (small proteins involved in cell–cell communication and recruitment). A large number of body defence systems are activated during innate immunity, and local cellular responses to infection or injury are also turned on. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1 (IL-1), and interleukin 6 are important inflammatory cytokines generated during the early response to bacterial infection (IL-6). These cytokines are crucial for starting the local inflammation and cell recruitment that are necessary for getting rid of many infections. They also aid in the emergence of fever. Such inflammatory cytokines are crucial therapeutic targets because inflammation or autoimmune illness is frequently linked to their dysregulated production.

To recognise and opsonize (coat) bacteria and other pathogens, the complement system is a metabolic cascade. It also destroys some pathogens and infected cells directly. Phagocytosis is a mechanism by which immune cells absorb microorganisms and eliminate cell waste. The innate immune response's phagocytic activity aids in the removal of foreign substances found in organs, tissues, blood, and lymph as well as dead cells or antibody complexes. By mobilising and activating antigen-presenting cells, it can also stimulate the adaptive immune response.

Immunity that adapts:-

The innate immune system's functions support the growth of adaptive immunity, which is essential when innate immunity fails to successfully combat infectious pathogens. The recognition of particular "non-self" antigens and their distinction from "self" antigens, the development of pathogen-specific immunologic effector pathways that destroy particular pathogens or pathogen-infected cells, and the formation of an immunologic memory that can quickly eradicate a particular pathogen should subsequent infections occur are the three main functions of the adaptive immune response. Effective immunisation against infectious illnesses is based on adaptive immune responses. Antigen-specific T cells, which are stimulated to multiply by the action of APCs, and B cells, which develop into plasma cells to manufacture antibodies, are among the cells that make up the adaptive immune system.

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