History Of Pathology:-

 Introduction:-

By executing thousands of procedures every day, conducting basic and clinical research, and offering specialised teaching programmes, the laboratories of a big medical institution serve as a location for these laboratories are dependent on the institution, which in turn is dependent on the institution's students, doctors, and patients.

Millions of procedures are performed annually for Baylor University Medical Center (BUMC), hospitals and health centres connected to the Baylor Health Care System (BHCS), and other hospitals in the laboratories at BUMC, which have developed into a fully automated service using the most recent technology.

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PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE'S EARLY DEVELOPMENT:-

·        Although pathology's roots are in ancient medicine, it did not advance until science did. Erasistratus and Herophilus, two of the greatest Greek physicians, gave anatomical pathology and autopsy their first foundations.

·        Over the course of 30 to 40 years, they carried out the first formal scientific dissections of human cadavers. After that, human dissection was prohibited and not permitted once more for more than 1800 years.

·        The outlines of classical medical education were established as a result of events in North Africa and southern Europe, particularly at Monte Cassino and Salerno. These events would last for half a millennium.

·        The four basic humours and the four characteristics continued to be the fundamental components of physiological and pathological theory, and it was believed that maintaining each of their individual balances was the goal of good health.

·        Urine analysis makes it simple to identify humoral imbalance or complexional distemperancy. Bloodletting was one of the therapeutic techniques that adhered to the Hippocratic triad of diet, medicine, and surgery.

·        As hospitals and medical education advanced during the 18th century's Enlightenment, this humorous hypothesis was proven false.

·        As autopsies were carried out more regularly, especially those done after a patient's condition had been closely observed in the hospital, the science of pathology started to expand quickly. As a result, doctors started to think that pathology could help with diagnosis.

·        By first working on cadavers and then on patients, Auenbrugger (1722-1809) developed a technique for auscultation (pumping the chest and listening to the sound that results).

·        Cell theory made strides in the 19th century. All human tissue contains cells, as Theodore Schwann (1810–1882) discovered. Rudolph Virchow (1821–1902) created the idea of cellular pathology in the middle of the 1850s, which stated that disease could be identified by looking at cells.

·        Medical practise and medical education have been impacted by advances in scientific knowledge in both Europe and America. The study of anatomy, both theoretical and practical, became "the cornerstone of all medical teaching" as a result of the recognition of anatomy as the cause of disease.

·        The study of anatomy in the USA during the first half of the 19th century suffered. It was not taught as a separate subject but frequently in conjunction with anatomy or perhaps medicine.

·        In the decades following the Civil War, the USA made much-needed changes to medical education. In 1871, Harvard University underwent reforms that prioritised "learning by doing." Following these changes, changes were made at the Universities of Michigan and Pennsylvania.

·        However, the launch of the Johns Hopkins Medical School, which offered two years of fundamental science instruction and required laboratory work, was the most remarkable advance in the history of American medical school.



PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY SERVICES DEVELOPMENT IN THE USA:-

Early pathology and laboratory services were greatly influenced by scientific developments and procedures in medical schools and their teaching hospitals in the United States. Particularly significant were the works of medical faculties in Germany and Vienna.

These changes had an impact on medical practise and the services offered by hospitals in the USA, together with the quick advancements in surgery made possible by anaesthetics and the rising acceptability of hospitals as centres of care.

According to Dr. George Rosen's seminal research The Structure of American Medical Practice: 1875–1941, the emergence of clinical pathology and clinical laboratory techniques had a notably positive impact on hospital utilisation.

William H. Welch, T. Mitchell Prudden, and their students were the first in the USA to use clinical pathology for medical diagnosis in late 1870s New York City.

Most hospitals lacked laboratories, but William Osler, a clinical professor at the University of Pennsylvania Hospital in the 1880s, possessed the sole microscope in the facility and the only blood-counting device in the whole state. Bacteriological techniques for diagnosis were available, but neither doctors nor patients were familiar with them.

THE TEXAS BAPTIST MEMORIAL SANITARIUM'S PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY SERVICES: 1903–1920:-

In a house that had been transformed, the Texas Baptist Memorial Sanitarium first opened its doors at the end of 1903 after Dr. Charles M. Rosser had briefly run it as the Good Samaritan Hospital. The facility was shut down until a new hospital could be built on a nearby site after quickly proving to be unsuitable for patient care and teaching purposes. In order to assist patients and function as the teaching hospital for Baylor University College of Medicine, the brand-new Texas Baptist Memorial Sanitarium opened its doors in October 1909.

BAYLOR HOSPITAL AND BAYLOR UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY SERVICES: 1920-1950:-

As part of the Baylor-in-Dallas idea, the decision was made in 1920 to incorporate the hitherto autonomous Texas Baptist Memorial Sanitarium into Baylor University. In 1921, the hospital's name was changed to Baylor Hospital, and in 1936, it became Baylor University Hospital. Baylor Staff Activities went on to discuss the laboratories at this time as follows:

A grant from the Rockefeller Foundation was acquired in 1923, of which $5000 was used to buy new equipment for the lab.

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