WHAT IS A PATHOLOGY REPORT?
Introduction:
The characteristics of a tissue specimen removed from a patient are
described in a pathology report, which is often referred to as a surgical
pathology report. A pathologist, a medical professional with specialised
expertise in diagnosing diseases by examining cells and tissues under a
microscope, creates the pathology report.
A pathology report contains details on the location and
methods used to retrieve the material, as well as identifying information (such
as the patient's name, birthdate, and biopsy date). A final diagnosis, a
microscopic description, and a gross description—a description
of the material as it appears to the naked eye—are often included. It might
also have a section for the pathologist's observations.
Typical terms that
could be found on a pathology report for cancer include:
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Invasive
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In place
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Carcinoma
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Benign
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Neoplasm
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Malignant
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Margin
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Infiltrating
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Ductal
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Undifferentiated
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Well-differentiated
How is tissue collected
for a pathologist's examination?
The pathologist looks at cells or tissues that were taken
from a patient's body via surgery,
a biopsy (a procedure to extract a sample of cells or tissues for a pathologist
to look at), or from bodily fluids.
There are various ways to collect a biopsy sample, including
by collecting a tissue sample from the skin's surface using a needle to remove
tissue or fluid after being put through the skin employing a narrow,
illuminated tube called an endoscope to examine inside the body and extract a
sample using specialised equipment that pass through the tube through the
mouth, anus, urethra, or a small incision in the skin.
If a tumour is surgically
removed in its entirety or in part, the pathologist will evaluate some or
all of the excised tumour specimen. In the event that the entire tumour is
removed, the surgeon will often make an effort to remove some of the
margin—normal tissue that surrounds the tumor—so that the pathologist can check
it for tumour cells.
The process of a
pathologist looking at tissue:
In order for the pathologist
to examine tissue or cell specimens under a microscope, they must first be cut
into extremely thin slices, known as sections. Before it can be divided into
sections, the specimen needs to be solidified through processing.
The most typical method for tissue inspection includes
"fixing" the specimen chemically, typically with a substance called
formalin. For subsequent processing in an automated device that immerses the
tissue in substances that remove water and replace it with molten paraffin wax,
this stabilises the cells.
What is the surgical
pathology report's graphic description?
The visible characteristics
of a tissue sample, such as colour, weight, and size, are included in the gross
description. It might also consist of the tissue sample's form and any obvious
anomalies. Additionally, it will state the location on the body where the
tissue was obtained, the number of samples taken, and whether or not lymph
nodes were removed.
What is the surgical
pathology report's microscopic description?
A pathology report's microscopic
description details how the cells looked after being stained with common stains
like hematoxylin and eosin (commonly known as H&E) and examined under a
microscope. H&E staining offers crucial details on the pattern and shape of
cells as well as the structure of the tissue and aids in the identification of
various cell and tissue types. Hematoxylin has a rich blue-purple colour when
stained with H&E, revealing the ribosomes, chromatin (genetic material)
inside the nucleus, and several other structures in the nucleus. The cytoplasm,
collagen, connective tissue, and other supporting and enclosing elements of the
cell appear orange-pink-red in Eosin.
What does a surgical
pathology report's diagnosis mean?
A pathologist's
description of all the results of their microscopic and visual examination of
the tissue specimen, along with pertinent clinical data, can be found in the
diagnostic portion of a pathology report. The type of cancer, together with the
tumour grade, lymph node status, margin status, and stage, will be mentioned in
this section.
A surgical pathology
report includes what a tumor's molecular features are, right?
For all patients of a certain cancer type, initial pathology
analyses include specific molecular testing, sometimes known as biomarker
studies. For instance, the findings of tests for the proteins HER2/neu and the
oestrogen and progesterone receptors will be included in a pathology report for
a patient with probable breast cancer. The outcomes of these tests can be used
to determine which therapies are most effective for a particular patient.
Another method for examining the molecular properties of a
tumour is a liquid biopsy, which involves testing a sample of blood or another
bodily fluid for DNA fragments that have been released from tumour cells. The
results of these further tests could be presented in independent reports
connected to the pathology
report.
What further details could be found
on a surgical pathology report?
The pathologist may include uncommon aspects of the sample,
such as details regarding the cytogenetic and/or molecular features of a
tumour, or provide extra information in the comments part of the pathology
report. The pathologist frequently offers additional information on the illness
and its diagnosis in the comments section and suggests
potential additional tests. Atypical findings that could alter a typical
diagnosis, earlier samples or diagnoses for the patient, and other probable
diagnoses are some examples of significant clinical history or test results.
Additionally, ongoing experiments will be mentioned (i.e., pending).
What is in my surgical
pathology report, and how can I find it?
The medical professional in charge of
a patient's care will inform them of the findings in the pathology report and
can assist them in understanding it and what it implies for their particular
case. A patient may also request a conversation with the pathologist about
their report.
The results of pathology reports frequently show in the
patient portal at the same moment the doctor receives them, so patients should be aware
of this. Therefore, patients can view their report before their doctor has a
chance to look over it and discuss it with them.
Contact Us:
Email Us: pathology@universeconferences.com
WhatsApp Us: +442033222718
Website: https://pathology.universeconferences.com/
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